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11. Partitioning RAID / LVM on RAID

RAID devices cannot be partitioned, like ordinary disks can. This can be a real annoyance on systems where one wants to run, for example, two disks in a RAID-1, but divide the system onto multiple different filesystems. A horror example could look like:

# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/md2              3.8G  640M  3.0G  18% /
/dev/md1               97M   11M   81M  12% /boot
/dev/md5              3.8G  1.1G  2.5G  30% /usr
/dev/md6              9.6G  8.5G  722M  93% /var/www
/dev/md7              3.8G  951M  2.7G  26% /var/lib
/dev/md8              3.8G   38M  3.6G   1% /var/spool
/dev/md9              1.9G  231M  1.5G  13% /tmp
/dev/md10             8.7G  329M  7.9G   4% /var/www/html

11.1 Partitioning RAID devices

If a RAID device could be partitioned, the administrator could simply have created one single /dev/md0 device device, partitioned it as he usually would, and put the filesystems there. Instead, with today's Software RAID, he must create a RAID-1 device for every single filesystem, even though there are only two disks in the system.

There have been various patches to the kernel which would allow partitioning of RAID devices, but none of them have (as of this writing) made it into the kernel. In short; it is not currently possible to partition a RAID device - but luckily there is another solution to this problem.

11.2 LVM on RAID

The solution to the partitioning problem is LVM, Logical Volume Management. LVM has been in the stable Linux kernel series for a long time now - LVM2 in the 2.6 kernel series is a further improvement over the older LVM support from the 2.4 kernel series. While LVM has traditionally scared some people away because of its complexity, it really is something that an administrator could and should consider if he wishes to use more than a few filesystems on a server.

We will not attempt to describe LVM setup in this HOWTO, as there already is a fine HOWTO for exactly this purpose. A small example of a RAID + LVM setup will be presented though. Consider the df output below, of such a system:

# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/md0              942M  419M  475M  47% /
/dev/vg0/backup        40G  1.3M   39G   1% /backup
/dev/vg0/amdata       496M  237M  233M  51% /var/lib/amanda
/dev/vg0/mirror        62G   56G  2.9G  96% /mnt/mirror
/dev/vg0/webroot       97M  6.5M   85M   8% /var/www
/dev/vg0/local        2.0G  458M  1.4G  24% /usr/local
/dev/vg0/netswap      3.0G  2.1G 1019M  67% /mnt/netswap
"What's the difference" you might ask... Well, this system has only two RAID-1 devices - one for the root filesystem, and one that cannot be seen on the df output - this is because /dev/md1 is used as a "physical volume" for LVM. What this means is, that /dev/md1 acts as "backing store" for all "volumes" in the "volume group" named vg0.

All this "volume" terminology is explained in the LVM HOWTO - if you do not completely understand the above, there is no need to worry - the details are not particularly important right now (you will need to read the LVM HOWTO anyway if you want to set up LVM). What matters is the benefits that this setup has over the many-md-devices setup:

All in all - for servers with many filesystems, LVM (and LVM2) is definitely a fairly simple solution which should be considered for use on top of Software RAID. Read on in the LVM HOWTO if you want to learn more about LVM.


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